The Secret to Good Short Essay Samples

The Secret to Good Short Essay Samples A good deal of times you might need to compose a personal essay. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you want. What you have to do is to explore the topic. Looking at IELTS essay topics with answers is an excellent approach to assist you to get ready for the test. Adding a number of the winning elements from the sample essays below will supply you with the additional marks you want to be a high-scorer on the IELTS. Students have a difficult time in writing if they don't have a draft or outline to follow. The Unusual Secret of Good Short Essay Samples Let's take a quick glance at them. The outstanding part about it's that you aren't required to sign in for your purchase. Because you just have a quick space, you have to be cautious with your word choices AND make sure that you fit in everything you've got to say in only a few pages. Things You Should Know About Good Short Essay Samples With a 100 word scholarship essay, you must jump in the thesis as speedily as possible. That means you can be ensured of superior scholarship essay examples. The essay ought to have a little bit of structure, unlike a normal essay. Stephen's essa y is quite effective. Before it is possible to pick a compelling essay topic, first you ought to comprehend why there's an essay in the very first spot. In order to supply an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is wise to take a look at some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. A great essay should have essential points. Every argumentative essay ought to be based on a topic which can be debated. A quick memoir may be an account of one, life-changing event, or it might be reflection on a period of growth or transition. Indeed, some of life's finest offerings don't have any discernible long-term benefits. Our whole life is the procedure of learning and gaining new useful understanding. An expert biography template is meant to lessen the practice of generating printed professional biographies especially for a person who would like to reach plenty of people or institutions. Good Short Essay Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About Finally, however, remember tha t excellent writing doesn't happen by accident. The simplest approach to specify the form of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. When the topic was decided, it's essential to come up with an argument surrounding the exact same. Any superior task finishes with an excellent conclusion and the very best examples of the argumentative essay will arrive in with a conclusion which has an overview of all of the points together with a gist of the evidences provided. The Good Short Essay Samples Game A personal essay provides the reader a glimpse of your private life experience. It is possible to also have a look at sample bios to work out how to do the full procedure of inventing an expert biography. Lastly, the detail of true speech makes the scene pop. Every examples of synthesis essay should stick to a structure to be able to convey the message in the most effective method. A Secret Weapon for Good Short Essay Samples Critical thinking is demanded! Short essays are important when one is hoping to present an important topic without needing to compose lots of words or using several pages. Showing your previous success will instill confidence about your upcoming success. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some critical components which make it better in the practice of convincing. How to Find Good Short Essay Samples A great persuasive argument will use the latest data and data from verified sources. The introduction shouldn't be more than a single statement and it should give an overview of the synthesis. You require a crystal clear focus and evidence to back up your claims. You may also do some studying to learn more about the points to discuss so as to present a logical and compelling review. A brief answer essay provides the college a beneficial window into the applicant's interests. It's very beneficial to take writing apart as a way to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. In addition, the writing norms and specified format is going to be taken into consideration when performing the endeavor. You will need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade.

Essay about The 4th of July vs. Justice Taney in Dred...

The 4th of July vs. Justice Taney in Dred Scott Ruling In the years leading to the U.S. Civil War, the controversy over slavery became not only a social issue, but also a political and legal one as well. Opponents and proponents of slavery each looked to the American constitution, as well as the prevailing culture of the time, for direction in dealing with this matter. Two such people who based their landmark works on this were Justine Taney of the U.S. Supreme Court, and Frederick Douglas, an emancipated slave, who fought tirelessly for the abolishment of slavery. In 1852, Frederick Douglas was asked to speak at a July 4th celebration. In his speech, he made it known clearly, his detestment for the†¦show more content†¦He likened this to the analogy of rivers, which, he said, were like nations. Even though a river can not be turned aside, it may dry up. If a nation dries up, there will be nohing left of that nation, except a withered branch. This withered branch is a symbol of what the nation believed in and what could happen to it if it unfairly cast aside certain members of its society. Douglas also pointed out that the Declaration of Independence was one of the most valuable factors in the Nations destiny. The principles written in the Declaration of Independence should be kept and adhered to. Be true to to them on all occasions, wrote Douglas. He believed that most documents that were written after the Declaration of Independence didnt follow the significant ideology set forth in the Declaration of Independence. Douglas wants to use the Constitution, but without the pro-slavery clause in it. In stark contrast to this, Justice Taney, who wrote the majority opinion of the court in the case of Dred Scott V. Sandford, dealt a major blow to the work of Frederick Douglas. In his opinion, Justice Taney uses the same reference points as Frederick Douglas, only to twist it, and give it a pro-slavery slant. Like Frederick Douglas, Justice Taney too makes mention of the Declaration of Independence, but in this case, to prove that blacks were never intended to maintain full legal

People and Organizational Management Literature Review

Question: Discuss about thePeople and Organizational Managementfor Literature Review. Answer: Literature Review Conflict and Negotiation Conflict is identified as the divergence in the mode of interest between different stakeholders associated with the fulfillment of expectations and aspirations in a simultaneous fashion. In the workplace conflict arises owing to the interests of parties for generating solutions to organizational problems in a coveted fashion(Shen, Chanda, DNetto, 2009). These people are interested in sharing of values and interest between each other for generation of common solutions (Rozkwitalska, 2012). The above practice of finding common solutions however lead to disputes owing to the failure of matching interests and expectations such that a section of the organizational members feel that generation of a specific type of solution would potentially affect their position in the institution(Shi Wang, 2011). Conflicts also arise when people disagree to the decisions undertaken in that the same tends to affect the fundamental values of the society and community(Podsiadlowski, Grschke, Kogler, 2013 ). Again, disputes tend to rise pertaining to the decisions taken when it tends to affect the value, rights and cultural aspects of individual members (Ferdman Sagiv, 2012). The above type of conflict is difficult to be resolved in that focusing on settling the disputes may tend to affect essential functions and dimensions of the organization. Different types of conflict management styles are indicated in the following illustration. (Khanaki Hassanzadeh, 2010) The Thomas-Kilmann Model of Conflict Management focuses on employing the five different styles of conflict management indicated as above with the level of assertiveness and cooperativeness as identified between the parties (Stevens Ogunji, 2010). The same is reflected in the following illustration. (Khanaki Hassanzadeh, 2010) The application of the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Management model related to the aspect of nursing reflect that nurses focus on employing the conflict management style of avoiding and compromising to contribute in settlement of disputes (Ongori Nzonzo, 2011). The above styles of conflict management associated with the nursing categories also duly imply the use of such styles by women as a whole (Shen et al., 2009). Nurses are thus observed to share reduced intentions in competing and rather focus on avoiding conflicting situations or in achieving needed compromises (Olsen Martins, 2012). It was further inferred that nurses ideally focus firstly on arriving at compromises and then in employing avoidance. The application of Thomas-Kilmann model on other medical students and graduates reflect that they firstly chose avoidance and subsequently resorted to tactics associated with compromise and accommodation (Edewor Aluko, 2007). Negotiation is identified as dialogues and conversations carried out between a set of two or more parties that are intending to develop an understanding and also to resolve differences between each other and thereby to gain due advantage of the outcome generated in an unanimous fashion (Bhatia Kaur, 2014). Similarly, discussions like collective bargaining carried out between two or more groups also aim at generation of common advantages and benefits for each other (Shi Wang, 2011). The act of negotiation is thereby identified to encourage the parties involved in such for compromising with each others needs and expectations (Rozkwitalska, 2012). Negotiation as a process is carried out both related to business and non-business sectors (Nilson, 2010). Different types of negotiations are pursued for pursuing a common goal (Olsen Martins, 2012). The model of distributive negotiation is identified as a negotiation type where the two sides involved in negotiation firstly observe that no common understanding would take place between them (Salas et al., 2012). Further, the parties involved employ different tactics associated with guile and bluffing and develop a win-loss situation such that one party gains at the cost of the other (Jehanzeb Bashir, 2013). The act of distributive negotiation tends to involve parties that were not involved nor would be involved in future periods in any type of interactive discussions (Dartey-Baah, 2013). In contrary to distributive negotiation the act of integrative negotiation potentially focuses on integrating different types of tactics that would potentially help in developing the level of interaction and understanding between the parties (Slavi? et al., 2014). Integrative negotiation practices thus focus on enhancing the quality of the agreement achieved between the parties (Edewor Aluko, 2007). Further, where distributive negotiation tends to identify that a common pie needs to be distributed among the parties; integrative negotiation on the other hand focuses on generating an expansion to the pie thereby aiming to generate a win-win situation for the different parties (Ferdman Sagiv, 2012). Negotiation is also observed to be essentially comprised of four main elements like strategy, process, tools and finally tactics. Negotiation strategies mainly aim at development of the relationship between the parties involved and also the final outcome generated by them (Ongori Nzonzo, 2011). Processes and tools relate to the different types of steps that are required to be pursued and also the roles of the different parties involved in the negotiation process (Dartey-Baah, 2013). Further, tactics relate to the different types of actions and also the responses needed to be undertaken by one party based on the actionable statements rendered by the other party(Edewor Aluko, 2007). In current day practices of negotiation, the act of influencing and pursuing is also identified as an integral element that contributes in actively accomplishing the negotiation process. Different types of negotiation styles identified are discussed as follows. The negotiation styles identified potentially match the Thomas-Kilmann model of conflict management. Accommodating style of negotiation is pursued by individuals that focus on generating effective solutions to disputes and problems faced by others and thereby aim in pursuing and enhancing relationships(Olsen Martins, 2012). Individuals that are not interested in resolving conflicts through negotiation tend to take resort to the Avoidance style. Similarly, the collaborators are identified to be such individuals that ideally focus on the use of creative styles for resolving of problems and disputes(Jehanzeb Bashir, 2013). Negotiators aimed at gaining or winning focus on taking resort to the competing style. These negotiators focus on employing strategies related to collective bargaining for resolving of disputes and also dominate the process for augmenting personal gains(Podsiadlowski, Grschke, Kogler, 2013). Finally, the compromising style of negotiation is pursued by such individuals that focus on conducting such activities that would help in generating fair and equal treatment to different parties negotiating with each other. Compromisers are however argued to generate quicker solutions in terms of rushing about the negotiation process(Slavi?, Berber, Lekovi?, 2014). Analysis Based on Three Diagnostic Tools Application of the Johari Window The Johari Window is developed based on the integration of four quadrants like Open, Blind, Hidden and Unknown. The Open and Blind quadrants are based on the horizontal axis reflecting Known and Not Known to Self while Hidden and Unknown quadrants are based along the vertical axis Known and Not Known to Others. The same is reflected in the following illustration. (West Turner, 2010) For applying the Johari Window in conflict management Solicits Feedback is mapped along the horizontal axis along the top of the window while Willingness to Self-Disclose or the interest of giving feedback are mapped along the vertical line of the window. The evaluation of the scores along the two axes reflects that Solicits Feedback generates a score of 29 while the parameter of Self Disclosure tends to generate a score of 26. Application of Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Questionnaire The application of the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Questionnaire reflects the following score for the different parameters like Competing, Collaborating, Compromising, Avoiding and Accommodating as indicated in the Thomas-Kilmann Model(Shen, Chanda, DNetto, 2009). The scores gained related to the different parameters reflect 11 for Competing, 4 for Collaborating, 5 for Compromising and also 5 for Avoiding and Accommodating respectively. The scores gained against the different styles for conflict management as indicated in the model ideally reflect that I generally focus on taking resort to the Competing style in managing and resolving conflicts. The competing style thereby requires me to conduct needed bargaining for generating effective solutions to emerging disputes. Further analysis based on the Thomas-Kilmann scores reflect that my conflict management style is highly competing, low in collaboration, average in compromising and also average in level of avoidance and accommodating sty les. Application of Belbin Team Roles The Belbin Team Roles effectively reflect on nine different types of team roles like Resource Investigator, Teamworker, Coordinator, Plant, Specialist, Monitor Evaluator, Shaper, Implementer and Completer Finisher(Rozkwitalska, 2012). The application of the nine team roles in evaluating my conflict management approach reflects as a resource investigator I work in an enthusiastic fashion in exploring new types of opportunities. As a Teamworker I essentially focus on operating in a cooperative and collaborative fashion in resolving different problems and future contingencies. Finally, operating as an effective coordinator I essentially focus on working in a matured and confident fashion in resolving the different types of conflicts that tend to emerge in the organization. Identification of Areas of Improvement Different areas of improvement can be identified from the above analysis. Areas of Improvement Time Frame The application of the Johari Window rightly reflects that I need to develop on my ability to encourage other team members for generating effective feedbacks. The shifting of the vertical axis to the right would potentially reflect the increase on my ability pertaining to encouraging team members for rendering potential feedbacks. Moreover, further endeavors are required to be undertaken for lowering the horizontal axis to thereby encourage team members in soliciting greater feedback. Thus, endeavors like generating more information regarding my nature and also in providing needed feedback to others would contribute in lowering down the horizontal axis. I require effectively monitoring and evaluating the manner in which the decisions undertaken are needed to be implemented. The same would contribute in the generation of effective judgments and feedbacks to the parties involved in the conflict. I need a time pan of five months for addressing the needed improvement. Analysis based on the use of Thomas-Kilmann Questionnaire tool reflects that along with competing I need to develop on my potentials associated with collaboration and compromising. In terms of collaboration, I require on effectively collaborating with different parties to conflict such that I tend to understand their concerns and expectations which would help me in deigning effective conflict management strategies. In terms of compromising, I require to understand the parameters that would ideally help in satisfying the expectations of the different parties to the conflict. I need around 4 months for developing my inner aspects to rightly collaborate with the parties and also to learn compromising with the needs and concerns of the different stakeholders. References Bhatia, A., Kaur, L. (2014). Global Training Development trends Practices: An Overview. International Journal of Emerging Research in Management Technology , 3 (8), 75-78. Dartey-Baah, K. (2013). The Cultural Approach to the Management of the International Human Resource: An Analysis of Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions. International Journal of Business Administration , 4 (2), 39-45. Edewor, P. A., Aluko, Y. A. (2007). Diversity Management, Challenges and Opportunities in Multicultural Organizations . International Journal of the Diversity , 6 (6), 189-195. Ferdman, B. M., Sagiv, L. (2012). Diversity in Organizations and Cross-Cultural Work Psychology: What If They Were More Connected? Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice , 5 (3), 1-51. Jehanzeb, K., Bashir, N. A. (2013). Training and Development Program and its Benefits to Employee and Organization: A Conceptual Study. European Journal of Business and Management , 5 (2), 243-252. Khanaki, H., Hassanzadeh, N. (2010). Conflict Management Styles: The Iranian General Preference Compared to the Swedish. International Journal of Innovation , 1 (4), 419-426. Nilson, L. B. (2010). Teaching at Its Best: A Research-Based Resource for College Instructors. United Kingdom : John Wiley and Sons. Olsen, J. E., Martins, L. L. (2012). Understanding organizational diversity management programs: A theoretical framework and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 33 (8), 1168-1187. Ongori, H., Nzonzo, J. C. (2011). Training And Development Practices In An Organisation: An Intervention To Enhance Organisational Effectiveness. International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences , 2 (4), 187-198. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 37, 159-175. Rozkwitalska, M. (2012). Accepted and strong organisational culture in multinational corporations . Journal of Intercultural Management , 4 (3), 5-14. Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kraiger, K. (2012). The Science of Training and Development in Organizations: What Matters in Practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest , 13 (2), 74-101. Shen, J., Chanda, A., DNetto, B. (2009). Managing diversity through human resource management: an international perspective and conceptual framework. The International Journal of Human Resource Management , 20 (2), 235-251. Shi, X., Wang, J. (2011). Interpreting Hofstede Model and Globe Model: Which Way to Go for Cross-Cultural Research . nternational Journal of Business and Management , 6 (5), 93-99. Slavi?, A., Berber, N., Lekovi?, B. (2014). performance management in international human resource management: evidence from the cee region. Serbian Journal of Management , 9 (1), 45-58. Stevens, R. H., Ogunji, E. (2010). Managing Diverse Organizational Environments for Strategic Advantage:Exploring the Value of Developing Business Diversity Curriculum in Higher Education. Journal of Management Policy and Practice , 11 (4), 72-85. West, R., Turner, L. (2010). Understanding Interpersonal Communication: Making Choices in Changing Times, Enhanced Edition. United States : Cengage Learning.

Social policy in Latin America Essay Example

Social policy in Latin America Essay Throughout the economic adjustment of the 1980s, numerous countries of the Latin America witnessed a decline in investment in public services. Today, though, most analysts have the same opinion that the problem in Latin America is not the amount of resources owed to social-sector expenditure, however the distribution and poor performance of social programs due to weak public-sector institutions. Actually, social spending in Latin America evaluates constructively with other regions of the world (Milanovic, Branko. 2005). Pouring added funds into the current system will not develop social conditions because of structural flaws within government institutions and because of public-spending policies that support the wealthy and the politically powerful.An devastating majority of the victims of human rights infringements belong to the world of the poor and the demoralized: half of those detained and disappeared throughout Argentinas 1976-83 military dictatorship were workers, and two-third s were wage-earners; seventy percent of those who died or were moved out between 1979 and 1982 at the hands of the military and death forces in El Salvador were peasants; more than eighty per cent of the victims of human rights violations in Guatemala all through the eighties were native peasants and rural and urban laborers (Vilas 1994, 1995a). Similar findings exist with respect to ethnic (Solares 1993) and womens movements (Fisher 1993).The prevalent social mobilizations of recent decades thus highlight the significance of the popular, meant here as the junction of economic exploitation, political oppression, and poverty. In Latin America the popular is a mixture of socioeconomic, political, and cultural elements. The popular takes in but is not limited to poverty. integrating also a political and cultural aspect, the popular includes middle-class groups mobilized not so much by austerely economic demands as around calls for democratization, public freedoms, and citizenship right s. The political and the cultural extent of the popular imply a self-identification of subordination and oppression (labor, ethnic, gender) in the face of a dominance that is expressed by exploitation (insufficient income, meager wages, denial of a distinguished life or prospects for the future) and is spoken institutionally, through insecurity, arbitrariness, and socially biased compulsion. It therefore implies some type of delineation and, ultimately, opposition to recognized power. In particular it signals opposition to the institutions and organizations that symbolize and eloquent exploitation and authority in its various forms.Much of the literature on social policy and public-sector reform in Latin America stresses the need to look first and foremost at large, unproductive social ministries as obstacles to progress. In numerous countries, efforts to implement more-constructive approaches to the delivery of necessary public goods and services pale in contrast with the vital rol e played by national systems. For instance, Venezuelas Ministry of Education is by far the countrys largest single employer, followed by the Ministry of Health and the social security system (Ricardo Hausmann, 1994, p. 178).As the sole providers of social services, ministries manage public goods in a highly central structure that hardly ever consults beneficiaries or bodies responsible for program implementation at the local level. Consequently, the central monopoly over social services has had a crowding-out result on local government and other actors. Organizational processes have yet to be rationalized and are plagued by strong institutional inflexibilities. The organizational structure lends itself to excessive influence and interfering of interest groups. Ministry units dealing with services for the poor are â€Å"less sophisticated and well connected than units accountable for higher education or for hospitals.† Doctors typically control policy choices in health ministr ies, which are â€Å"nearly an agent of the profession in some countries.† (Joan Nelson, 1996).Social ministries do not have high status and those chosen to head them are not strong leaders nor do they have supporting clout. High turnover at the top explains to both a lack of continuity in leadership and improved influence of bureaucratic interests.Health and education ministries particularly are often deeply divided internally and have failed to undertake the challenges of sectoral assimilation and coordination of policies. The majority countries in Latin America offer a wide range of social services and programs, often with overlying objectives. Hardly ever do those involved in the design and delivery of services come jointly to organize efforts in a noticeably defined set of national priorities for an overall approach toward poverty improvement and social equity.Problems rated in this need of integration and synchronization is compounded by failures in program design and a ssessment. Uncertain objectives and uncertainty in criterion for selection of program beneficiaries can often be accredited to an absence of explicit diagnostics of the populations needs. A 1995 assessment of antipoverty strategies employed all through the region finds that â€Å"there are no in-depth assessments of the programs impact on the living conditions of their beneficiaries, nor studies to establish the actual coverage of the target group or to identify sectors that are expelled.†(Dagmar Raczynski, 1995, p. 15).   Unlike economic progress, it is very hard to measure and monitor input and output of social services; it is unattainable to assess the impact of policies without adequate data. â€Å"Countries spend a great deal to measure inflation, the fiscal discrepancy, output, and the balance of payments accurately. Poverty, income distribution, and social indicator are never measured with equal care,† concludes Nora Lustig in another broad study of social pol icies (1995, p. 35).Without accurate data collection or sophisticated program design and coordination, entrenched patterns of social exclusion, clientelism, and corruption persist to permeate state services, reflecting a system ruled by corporate interests and political support. Despite stated policies of universalism, large divisions of the population are excluded from social services, predominantly rural workers and urban poor employed in the informal sector. Social policies originated in this context have had a regressive effect on income distribution in Latin America. Reforms to address fairness in the distribution of public goods will always challenge vested interests and conventional patterns of political power.Despite powerful interests to protect policies that have been influenced toward Latin Americas influential and the middle class, there is extensive consensus today for the need to undertake institutional and structural obstacles to evenhanded growth. Reform of the state at present means much more than downsizing or policies of liberalization, privatization, and deregulation. Political leaders, with the support of international lending institutions, have altered beyond efforts to reverse policies founded on populism and import replacement to pursue a course toward institutional development (Shahid Javed Burki and Guillermo E. Perry, 1998). Focus on social-welfare issues has brought public attention away from interceding the costs of adjustment to deeper concerns regarding the quality of and access to social services, above all health and education. Though, the region lacks a model for addressing more difficult second-generation reforms.Delineation and opposition are not unidirectional; the plurality of expressions of domination orients communal action towards a multiplicity of targets, most evidently the state, but also political parties, trade unions, non-governmental organizations, or international organizations. Nor does the state proceed with a single voice with respect to these demands. Several state agencies may be seen as more receptive allies or interlocutors than others. Likewise, collective action refers to proportions of the private sphere violence against women and children, sexual direction, the household division of labor as well as to the public sphere. In effect, the very differentiation between public and private globes is subject to question, in that public sharing of some actors is conditioned by relations of power and divisions of labor in the private sphere. In general, these factors set up a tension between the delineation of the popular in terms of a plurality of identities, and the unity of the popular as a meaning of shared conditions of oppression, utilization, and impoverishment.The multiple directions of collective action entail the multiple dimensions of that action, varying from demands for institutional contribution to the search for forms of coordination or collaboration among institutional act ors, and to dissent movements and appeals to direct action. Processes of democratization in Latin America have had obscurity integrating the agendas and dynamics of social movements, and social movements themselves, into the establishment and functioning of institutions. Representative democracy is linked uncomfortably to social participation. Political and institutional rigidities that obstruct incorporation of their agenda lean to relegate social movements to the area of social protest and pressures from outside the political system. The ineptness of institutional actors in processing the demands of social movements weakens the representative basis of the democratic regime and reinforces the institutional eccentricity of these movements.The conjoining of domination, utilization, and poverty in the construction of a popular subject means that the popular is comprised on the basis of multiple reference points positioned in a complex web of complementarily and negation, in which subj ects choose those ingredients that best state their condition of oppression and utilization. In some cases, the popular is constructed around class individualities, in others it is based on ethnic referents, as in still others gender or representative elements become central. Other referents are articulated around these, additionally to the fact that explicit modes of insertion into the labor market, disparities in access to economic resources, and particular positions in power relations influence how actors put up their own notions of gender, ethnicity, class, or other categories. No identity is explicit or static; what remains eternal for the popular subject is coercion and utilization in a context of poverty, even though the phenomenology of each of these dimensions, and the perspectives through which actors approach, conceptualize, and experience them, are reliant.The emergence and activism of social movements permitted for the manifestation and recognition of a wide range of ac tors as sources of communal action. This is at the same time a discrete way of conceptualizing and practicing citizenship. The revolt of identities makes open the multiple ingredients in addition to socioeconomic or class status that play a role in the foundation of citizenship: the right to civic equality is asserted together with, and intertwined with, the right to recognize differences (de Sousa Santos 1994). Moreover, this diversity of social identities marks a clear counterpoint with the legal unidimensionality of political citizenship: the multiplicity and involvedness of the popular in the face of the literalness of citizenship; the democratic nature of identity construction and of efforts to instill identities with an institutional existence; and the authoritarian nature of an institutional democracy that lessens, denies, and homogenizes the richness of social diversity. while an indigenous child is barred from speaking his or her own language in school, or is taught that what he or she speaks is a parlance, this child is being taught that there are first-class and second-class languages, first-class and second-class language speakers, and that the childs father, mother, brothers and sisters, and all those like him or her, are second-class people. As children witness a man (the father, uncle, or boyfriend) wreak abuse on their mother or sister, they are learning the legitimacy of gender violence one as victimizer and the other as inert victim. All this and much more are entirely compatible with democratic institutions and representative politics.All through Latin America, in spite of the size of these new states as they took form in the first few decades after sovereignty, tensions between center and margin extended across the whole of the nineteenth century. National authorities found themselves in unvarying competition with local authorities to establish the locus of power. For them, decentralization of power and the recreation of control from the center became equated far too often through the disintegration of recently constituted national institutions. Within Spanish-speaking America, Mexico was the country where this fear most often became reality first losing control of its northern tier to the United States and then retaining control over its fringe in the north (the Border States) and the south (Yucatan) more as a significance of circumstance than of effective governance from Mexico City.In time the issues faced by these national governments reallocated from consolidating political independence and founding the authority of the capital city over the locality to ensuring economic independence as well. Throughout the latter part of the nineteenth century and the first some decades of the twentieth, national elites became ever more aware that as foreign investment from abroad increased first British and then U.S. it did not inevitably enhance their nations own inner development. Gradually more, the response was one whereb y such elites saw in the remedy to a stronger state and a well-developed administrative device the means with which to control the activities of foreign economic interests. Thus, in each of the republics, although at unstable intervals and with diverse constellations of national interests, concepts of the authoritarian state and legislation to support government controls over the foreign business sector became usual.Simultaneously, national elites became aware that directive of foreign actors did not automatically show the way to strengthening the private domestic business sector. More often than not, export interests in agriculture and minerals became intimately linked with banking and consecutively with the economic activities of foreign firms. Where nascent national industries developedsuch as in Medellin in Colombia, Monterrey in Mexico, and Sà £o Paulo in Brazilthey proved to be extremely vulnerable to external economic influences, either at a government-to government level or at the level of individual firm activities. The consequence was further argument for the need of government regulation and mediation between the international and domestic economy in defense of national interests.Setting off governmental direction of economic policy was responsiveness that the state desired to mediate in society through social policy. The condition of a certain minimum of social services was seen as necessary to further social progress for the disadvantaged, particularly as they were rallied through elections and entered the political process. Devoid of state action, it did not become obvious in far too many cases that essential services would not build up on their own, nor would income disparities be automatically reduced as economic development took place. Hence, one finds increasing dependence after World War II on the formation of state agencies, typically on an autonomous basis, with the capability to undertake new economic activities such as the continuance o f low prices for fundamental commodities and their distribution (namely, CONASUPO in Mexico). Still more significant was wakefulness of the need for government to take a more active role in the stipulation of social services to buy off labor protests for better working conditions. The best instance of this would be the mounting of wide-ranging social security systems all through Latin America, usually in the form of independent institutes and agencies, providing a broad range of services extending from health care through pensions for the elderly. On the whole, these provisions have been most advanced in those countries or regions where the first stage of economic modernization and the building of strong regional economies concurred with economic modernization in the last part of the nineteenth century and the first part of the twentieth: Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, and the central and southern regions of Brazil (particularly the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Sà £o Paulo and areas to the south established largely by European immigrants).All these activities engendered a great expansion in the number of public workers employed and in the weight of the public sector in the domestic economies of these countries. As a result, by the middle of the twentieth century all the large- and medium-sized Latin American republics had obtained extensive, complex state apparatuses engaged in a wide range of social, political, and economic activities. Providing economic expansion was implicit to be the normal state of affairs if correct economic policies were tagged on and could counteract periodic economic crisis and bottlenecks, individual republics had no persuasive reason to reverse these patterns. For, economic growth and development had become associated with an ever-expanding, active public sector. Administrative reform did emerge on the national agendas of these countries from time to time most particularly in Brazil, Venezuela, and Mexico but the power of these endeavo rs was typically to rationalize, to reorder, and to manage government operations more effectively, not to restrain them or to improve alternative patterns of development. The guiding postulation was an ever escalating domestic and international economy.Numerous policymakers, with enthusiastic support from multilateral development banks, have holded decentralization as a tool both to develop services and strengthen democracy by bringing decision making closer to the citizen. In response to political and fiscal devolution, local governments have implicit greater responsibility and are held more responsible for service provision. A 1996 World Bank study details how innovations at the local level can be exploited to drive the next stage of reform. Decentralization efforts that brought developments in administrative performance and the excellence of public services; strengthened fiscal management; improved private-sector development; and increased participation in local and regional deci sion making (Tim Campbell, 1996).As there is uniform eagerness to increase the contribution of civil society at the local level, decentralization is not a panacea. Studies that mark out the effects of decentralization show mixed results. Decentralization has given rise to disagreement in the allotment of responsibility and finance among the federal, state, and municipal governments. In several cases, municipalities shoulder increasing responsibilities for social development without raise in transfers from the central government. In others, states have established sizable revenues for social services, but their efforts to deliver services have been common with inefficiencies and financial dismay. At issue here is the capability of municipalities to put up capacity as well as a sovereign tax base to sustain locally delivered social services. Inefficiencies and weaknesses met in the central government likewise appear in local-level public institutions with the same insinuations for qua lity, productivity, and effectiveness of social services. Finally, decentralization can â€Å"form problems of equity within countries, in the lack of central quality monitoring and financial and technical aid for poorer districts.† (Nelson, 1995).In the same vein, there is a requirement for more empirical evidence to support the present enthusiasm for privatization. Advocates argue that the contracting-out of social services has introduced competition, giving users with choice as a tool to leverage quality and receptiveness. Yet evidence from ten years of privatized schools in Chile suggests little development in test scores.Recent episodes of social turbulence in Latin America, such as in Chiapas, Mexico, offer insight into the frustrations of the poor. Devoid of basic standards of social equity, the fabric of Latin American society is beginning to loosen, manifest in political protest and violence, eventually threatening the consolidation of democracy in the region. Thrivi ng economic and social policies have formed new stakeholders who serve as powerful advocates for reform, but absent amongst the participants in the policy process are the poor, whose voice relics diffuse and poorly planned. Opportunities for the configuration of citizenship and creation of connections between susceptible social groups and the state or its intermediaries remain limited.In a drive to establish their ability, some governments have executed social-welfare reforms in a very undemocratic fashion. The most thriving social programs, such as social-emergency or investment funds, have been formed outside of social ministries and are administered by small, extremely skilled technical groups. Institutional bypassing weakens efforts to strengthen national governments and their democratic institutions. This is a mainly sensitive apprehension for a region with a legacy of authoritarian rule.Social reforms, like economic reforms, are easier to execute when they are safeguarded agai nst intrusion from partisan politics and political clientelism. Though, these protections can increase efficiency at the cost of transparency, liability, and ultimately, public participation. So as to be successful, social reforms require the support and participation of a wide range of actors within the government, across ministries, and within diverse levels of state and local governments. More highly, these government actors must, sequentially, gain the support of the citizenry for policy proposals.Political leaders must learn how to communicate evidently the policies they advocate and influence the public of their value. The media, NGOs, and citizen-based organizations share in this accountability to inform the public, mediate demands, shape reforms, and help make associations between the state and society. Only in this way will citizens, mainly the poor and the marginalized, become authorized to participate significantly in the policy process.As federal governments in Latin Ame rica redefine their role, several analysts have expressed disquiet that the collapse of the overcommitted state intimidates to result in the â€Å"under-engaged state.†(Jonathan Hartlyn, 1998). Central governments have a decisive role to play in providing organization, technical support, and information as well as in making sure equity..

MUÃOZ Surname Meaning and Origin

MUÑOZ Surname Meaning and Origin Muà ±oz is a patronymic surname meaning son of Muà ±o a personal name that means hill. It could also be patronymic for son of Nuà ±o, meaning ninth- a name sometimes given to the ninth child. Muà ±oz is the 40th most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin:  Spanish Alternate Surname Spellings:  MÚÑOZ, MUNIZ, MUNO, MUNONEZ Famous People with the Surname MUÑOZ Rafael Muà ±oz: Famous Puerto Rican big band director and bass playerRafael Muà ±oz: a Mexican journalist, novelist, and writer of short storiesLuis  Muà ±oz  Marà ­n: First governor of Puerto Rico Where Do People With the MUÑOZ Surname Live? The surname distribution data at  Forebears  ranks Muà ±oz as the 287th most common surname in the world, identifying it as most prevalent in Mexico and with the highest number as a percentage of the population in Chile. Muà ±oz is the 2nd most common name found in Chile, borne by one in every eighty-six residents. It is also fairly common in Spain, where it ranks 17th; Colombia, where it ranks 18th; and Ecuador, where it comes in at 20th.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname MUÑOZ 100 Common Hispanic Surnames and Their MeaningsGarcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Hispanic last names? How to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to get started researching  your Hispanic ancestors, including the basics of family tree research and country-specific organizations, genealogical records, and resources for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean and other Spanish speaking countries. Muà ±oz Family Crest: Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Muà ±oz  family crest or coat of arms for the Muà ±oz surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   MUÑOZ Family Genealogy ForumRead this archive of the former popular genealogy forum for the Muà ±oz  surname to find what others who have been researching your ancestors have posted. This forum is no longer active. FamilySearch: MUÑOZ GenealogyAccess over 2.5 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Muà ±oz  surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MUÑOZ Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Muà ±oz  surname and its variations. In addition to joining a list, you can also browse or search the archives to explore over a decade of postings for the Muà ±oz  surname. GeneaNet: Muà ±oz RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Muà ±oz  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France, Spain, and other European countries. Sources Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Martin Luther King Jr Quotes

Martin Luther King Jr Quotes Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) was a principal leader of the non-violent Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. He not only began the Civil Rights Movement with the Montgomery Bus Boycott, he became an icon for the entire movement. Since King was, in part, famous for his oratory abilities, one can both be inspired and learn much by reading through these quotes by Martin Luther King, Jr. "Letter From Birmingham Jail," 16 April 1963 Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people. Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is, in reality, expressing the very highest respect for the law. We who engage in nonviolent direct action are not the creators of tension. We merely bring to the surface the hidden tension that is already alive. Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. We were here before the mighty words of the Declaration of Independence were etched across the pages of history. Our forebears labored without wages. They made cotton king. And yet out of a bottomless vitality, they continued to thrive and develop. If the cruelties of slavery could not stop us, the opposition we now face will surely fail... Because the goal of America is freedom, abused and scorned tho we may be, our destiny is tied up with Americas destiny. "I Have a Dream" Speech, August 28, 1963 I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every tenement and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old spiritual, Free at last, free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last. "Strength to Love" (1963) The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy. The true neighbor will risk his position, his prestige and even his life for the welfare of others. Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity. The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men. A nation or civilization that continues to produce soft-minded men purchases its own spiritual death on an installment plan. "I've Been to the Mountaintop" Speech, April 3, 1968 (the day before his assassination) Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But Im not concerned about that now. I just want to do Gods will. And hes allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over, and Ive seen the promised land . . . So Im happy tonight. Im not worried about anything. Im not fearing any man. Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, December 10, 1964 I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. This is why right temporarily defeated is stronger than evil triumphant. "Where Do We Go From Here?" Speech, August 16, 1967 Discrimination is a hellhound that gnaws at Negroes in every waking moment of their lives to remind them that the lie of their inferiority is accepted as truth in the society dominating them. Other Speeches and Quotations We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools. - Speech in St. Louis, Missouri, March 22, 1964. If a man hasnt discovered something he will die for, he isnt fit to live. - Speech in Detroit, Michigan on June 23, 1963. It may be true that the law cannot make a man love me, but it can keep him from lynching me, and I think thats pretty important. - Quoted in The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 13, 1962.

The Saga of Mr. Jose Padilla Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Saga of Mr. Jose Padilla - Essay Example The case took a surprising turn in November 2005, when â€Å"Bush administration† filed criminal charges against Padilla in a Miami court. Surprisingly, the new indictment did not contain the original charges against Padilla and consisted of entirely different criminal charges. The new indictment claimed that Padilla, a former member of a Chicago gang, was a member of a group supporting violent jihad campaigns in Afghanistan. The group by the name of â€Å"North American Support cell† was known to support Jihad from overseas between the tenure of 1993 to 2001. During the time the new indictment was announced, Padilla, due to extreme isolation and abuse for more than three years, was suffering from severe psychological damage and on these grounds his lawyers were determined to have the new indictment dismissed because Padilla was now simply incapable of enduring the trial. The judge did not rule on the merits of the defense accusations of psychological damages and denied the motion of dismissing the charges. (Anonymous, 2011). The saga of Jose Padilla captured tremendous media coverage because it raised numerous questions, the most important of the raised issues was whether the US government had the right to subject arrested US citizens to indefinite military detention with mental as well as physical abuse. However, these fundamental questions did not receive any resolution during the trial of Padilla and his two co-defendants because Federal district judge Marcia Cooke, who was presiding over the case, clearly stated Padilla’s military detention was completely justified and questions about its legitimacy were totally irrelevant. The legality of Padilla’s three and a half years military detention as an enemy combatant was heavily questioned by media across the United States of America. In December 2002, the Southern District of New York stated during the first litigation that the military detention was authorized. However, this author ization by the Southern District was reconsidered and reversed a year later by the Second Circuit. On jurisdictional grounds, the Second Circuit’s decision was vacated by the Supreme Court. Moreover, the Supreme Court demanded re-filing of habeas petition in South Carolina District. The South Carolina District Court supported the Second Circuit by stating that the detention was illegal and Padilla should not have been subjected to such harsh military viciousness however, in September 2005, it was reversed by the Fourth Circuit. (Vladeck, 2007). Padilla trial, in total took almost five and a half years, during which Padilla, despite being a US citizen, was brutally tortured, and was held in incommunicado thus, in simple words it can be safely stated that Padilla was denied basic democratic rights. During the trial, he was subjected to what I must say were trumped up charges. During the trial, Padilla was claimed to have received training from Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan in 1998. H is visit and training in Afghanistan was said to have been supported by Adham Amin Hassoun and Kifah Wael Jayyosi. Unfortunately, Padilla’s lawyers assumed that the Bush administration’s case against him was too thin and therefore, on Padilla’s behalf, they did not present any witness and evidence in court. Inevitably, it proved to be a major mistake and the damage it did was evident by the course of events which followed as the

Fish Cheeks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fish Cheeks - Essay Example Amy Tan also demonstrates the power of culture and the need to be acceptable. She wanted a slim American nose, and she was terribly embarrassed by her family's distinctively Chinese ways. This is because she grew up in America and had been immersed in its culture, and has come to believe, at least subconsciously, that the American way is the "correct" way. The essay provides us with an honest depiction of the author's youthful self. The story dwells on the ever present clutch of cultural norms and the pressure of "acceptability". I felt invited to consider how the totality of her life was like back then, when she so desired to be American and fit in, while the unfortunate truth was that she was trapped with her "unmannered" family, who became a source of embarrassment to her. The Chinese idea of table manners is burping after a meal to show appreciation. "At the end of the meal my father leaned back and belched loudly, thanking my mother for her fine cooking. "It's a polite Chinese custom to show you are satisfied," explained my father to our astonished guests. The minister managed to muster up a quiet burp. I was stunned into silence the rest of the night." This is totally at odds with the American idea of polite discreteness. She found that her favorite dishes were becoming a source of her embarrassment in front of Robert, particularly when her father "poked his chopsticks just below the fish eye and plucked out the soft meat. "Amy, your favorite," he said, offering me the tender fish cheek. I wanted to disappear. " We can imagine the story having been told in a frenzied and excited manner the reflects how Amy felt back then, but she is reflective and calm throughout the story. She looks back at these events and simply tells the story without implying that she still has leftover emotions from these episodes. She was embarrassed, but not anymore (a bit regretful perhaps). Amy tells us that she has learned from this experience. The reader is rewarded with a little moral, and a little irony at the end. "You must be proud you are different. Your only shame is to have shame." her mother had told her. Now Tan is perfectly honest about her family's "Chineseness," which she used to perceives as shortcomings. We get the idea that she now has a more mature and accepting attitude towards her family. She now realizes that during that Christmas dinner, perhaps the only person who did not act honestly was

Cognitive Development Theory Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Development Theory Essay As a prospective educator, it is important for me to understand the cognitive development theory and how it applies to individuals. Cognitive development is basically how the thought process begins. It is the way that people learn and how mental processes become elaborate and develop. These processes include remembering things, making decisions, and also solving problems. In order for a teacher to be effective, one must understand how children develop mentally so that each student can be accommodated in the classroom. There are many theories regarding cognitive development, and there are several factors that remain constant throughout all of them. These factors form some of the basic premises on cognitive development, which include the ideas that all people go through specific steps or stages of learning or understanding, and that certain qualifications must be met before learning can occur. It is the actual specifics of these basic premises that cognitive theorists have differing opinions about. (Slavin, 2009) Two theorists that display the basic premises of cognitive development are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both theorists have similarities and differences when it comes to their views on cognitive development. We will first begin with the views of the two on the nature or development of intelligence. Piaget believed that children are naturally born with the ability to both interact with and make sense of their environment. Children as well as adults use patterns of thinking called schemes to deal with different things in the world. The process of assimilation and accommodation is used to maintain balance in our daily lives. Piaget believed that â€Å"learning depends on the process of equilibration. When equilibrium is upset, children have the opportunity to grow and develop. † (Slavin, 2009, pg. 32) Different experiences that we face and factors in our environment contribute to developmental change in us. Vygotsky shared some similar ides with Piaget including the belief that the environment plays a huge role in the development of intelligence. He also believed that â€Å"development depended on a sign system, the cultures language or writing system, that children grew up with. â€Å"(Slavin, 2009, pg. 2) Both also believed that there is an invariant sequence of steps that is the same for everyone, and that development is influenced by cognitive conflict. While the two share a few similarities on the development of intelligence, there are also differences as well. Piaget feels that development precedes learning. This simply means that something must take pace before learning can begin. Vygotsky, on the other hand, feels that learning comes before development which is the exact opposite of Piaget. It simply means that you must learn something before development can occur. Piaget and Vygotsky also had both similarities and differences on the stages of development. We will first start with the differences beginning with Piaget who believed that there are four stages to cognitive development. They are the sensorimotor, perioperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. He felt that all children passed through these stages and that you could move faster than others, but not skip a stage. (Slavin, 2009, pg. 33) The sensorimotor stage occurs at birth through two years of age. It is the stage where infants explore their environment using the five senses and motor skills. This includes sucking, grasping, and touching. The perioperational stage is from two to seven years old. Language develops at a fast pace in this stage. At this time the childs thinking is also very self centered, and they lack the understanding of conservation. The concrete operational stage is from ages seven to eleven. At this time, thinking tends to shift from being self-centered to more logical. Problem solving is no longer restricted and the idea of reversibility also occurs. The last and final stage is the formal operational stage. This happens beginning with the age of eleven moving on into adulthood. Systematic experimentation is used to solve problems both symbolic and abstract thinking are now possible in this stage. Vygotsky felt that there was not stages, but different elements to cognitive development. The first element is private speech. â€Å"Private speech is a childs self talk, which guides their thinking and actions, eventually internalized as silent inner speech† (Slavin, 2009, pg. 43) When children are struggling with a difficult situation you often see children talking to themselves to help cope with the situation. When we become adults we still talk to ourselves, but it is usually silent. The next element of cognitive development is the zone of proximal development or ZPD. â€Å"This is the level of development immediately above the persons present level. † (Slavin, 2009, pg. 43) To better understand, this can be described as something that the child may not have learned yet, but are capable of being taught with the assistance of an adult. Educators often refer to this as a â€Å"teachable moment†. (Slavin, 2009, pg. 43) Now that we can see the differences between the two theorists, we can now explore the similarities between the two. Both heorists understand the importance of a child learning a cultures sign system. They both feel that this has a significant impact on development. The two also agree that environmental factors such as sounds, signs, and objects are equally important. Lastly, the two theorists believe that there are some tasks that a child may not understand depending on age, but Vygotsky feels that if it is in the zone of proximal develo pment then the child can be assisted with the help of an adult. Educators have been using both Piaget’s as well as Vygotskys theories in the classroom for years. An example of an activity that can be used in the classroom using Piagets theory of learning takes place in a kindergarten class. The teacher would ask the students to share what they do when it is raining outside. At this age we are in the perioperational stage where children tend to be egocentric. Some say that they go outside and jump in mud puddles while others may say that they stay inside and play with their toys. The children would share their experiences and they would all be correct because not everyone does the same thing. You can use Vygotskys theory of learning in at work in the classroom where third grade students are learning how to classify different types of dirt. You can place the students in groups where they can discuss how you properly classify the dirt. This will allow the students to hear other students thoughts, and see what methods they use to classify. Using this type of cooperative learning allows the students to learn from each other. When comparing both classroom applications we see that both classrooms are working as groups learning from each other. Piaget theory is seen in both classrooms. In the kindergarten classroom, the classroom is seeing that there are different ways to deal with the rain. The students are sharing their personal experiences and showing that there is no wrong answer. There are many ways of doing things . In the third grade classroom, the students are able to classify the dirt using touch and sight to see and feel the differences in each type. Both classrooms are interacting with the environment and learning from it. Vygotskys cooperative learning is also being played out in both classrooms. In the kindergarten classroom, the students are learning that there are different activities that can be done outside in the rain. Similarly, in the third grade class the students are using cooperative learning to find different ways of classifying dirt. In both classrooms the students are using the think out loud process. The differences in the two classrooms also stand out. When applying Piagets theory in the kindergarten classroom, you see that the students are in the perioperational stage. The students are egocentric and feel that what they say is the only right answer to the question. In the third grade class, the students are in the concrete operational stage. They are able to easily look at and see the differences in the types of dirt that they are working with. When it comes to Vygotskys theory in the kindergarten classroom, the students are working within their zone of proximal development. The students may not understand that they can do more than one thing in the rain because they have done the same thing every time. The teacher is using this as a teachable moment to allow the students to teach each other the different things that can be done. In the third grade class, on the other hand, private speech is being used. The students are saying their thoughts out loud to classify the dirt. When the students are using cooperative learning they are learning the different ways in which the other students use to classify the dirt. In conclusion, we can see how and why it is important to understand and know how to apply cognitive development theories in the classroom. Both Piaget and Vygotsky played major roles in how we teach our children in todays world. We can use information and skills from both theorists to shape our students into great learners.

Kicking The Habit Through Negative Reinforcement :: essays research papers

My addiction to nicotine progressed from casual social smoking to consuming two packs a week. Although I’ve only been smoking for about one year, I had to quit before my addiction became much stronger. Like most smokers, I’ve tried to quit cold turkey on many occasions, but the mood and the will power lasts only until my synapses (nerve endings) start screaming, crying, and pleading with my conscious for a cigarette. The intendment of my quest was to discern the influences on my smoking habit and to curb the physical and psychological addiction through the implementation of specific reinforced behaviors. Positive reinforcers make me smoke, and negative reinforcers prevent me from smoking. By identifying positive reinforcements, I learned to quit smoking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before beginning my analysis of my smoking habits, I recorded the number of cigarettes smoked on a daily basis. On an average day I smoked 4-5 cigarettes. By establishing my baseline performance on a typical week, I set out to find the positive reinforcements, which coerced me into smoking. The days that were most prolific in smoking were Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. The primary reason for the increase in smoking was due to the social events of that particular evening, which included the occasional alcohol consumption, and companionship of fellow smokers/friends. â€Å"Partying† dramatically affected my smoking habit. Undoubtedly my gregarious antics affected my smoking, but the post-sex cigarette also added to the count. By pinpointing these factors, I was able to invent a fixed negative reinforcement schedule to lead me away from smoking and steer me towards a healthier lifestyle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to develop a fixed negative reinforcement schedule, I divided my cigarettes into groups allowing myself only three cigarettes a day. I placed my daily ration of cigarettes into envelopes and labeled them for each day of the week. I smoked one cigarette after lunch, one after dinner, and one later at night. I would reward myself with a cigarette after attending classes and eating lunch. I would then reward myself with another cigarette after homework and dinner. Through the course of my week, I violated my regimen only twice. On Wednesday and Friday, I â€Å"bummed’ a cigarette from one of my friends. After feeling guilty about violating my regimen, I repented for hours, and swore to myself that I was going to beat my addiction. Primary negative reinforcers also helped me stick with the plan such as improved stamina during physical exercise and more money in my pocket.

What I Most Appreicate About My Grandmother

S. Day GENENG 103-201 April 5, 2012 5 paragraph essay Everyone has something in their life that they appreciate, for instance their mom, family, kids or their job. Whatever the case be, always appreciate the better things in life. So always keep a good mind setting and a positive attitude. There are a lot of things that people fail to realize that are most appreciative. What I most appreciate about my grandmother is how much she entertains, motivates and supports her family. At times my granny can be entertaining to me. She loves to tell stories to us about how she grew up in the south.She also has a temper so sometimes when someone says or does something she doesn’t like she will snap out on them. It’s only funny to me when I’m not the one getting grilled. In addition, to that she will sit and lecture anybody about whatever, so don’t do or say anything that will set her off. When she gets to talking it is too late to turn around and walk away because she will go on and on about it until she proves her point. Regardless of her snapping and lectures granny can be a loving and caring person. She loves church and is in the choir on Sundays.Everyone at her church loves to her sing solo, so she walks around the house and practicing her songs. I love how entertaining she can be, so anyone in need of some entertainment just comes to grannies house its always live. As kind-hearted as my granny is, she also has the quality of being a motivator. Throughout my life she always motivated me to do well in school and pushed me to be the best I can be. She always told me to â€Å"Leave those boys alone and get your education!! †. Even though I didn’t listen, I still kept that in mind and still received my diploma and now enrolled in college.I love it when she tells everyone at her church how proud she is of me. She lets everyone know that I made the Dean’s list while I was in high school. However, I believe that when she is gone , I’m going to be the one that motivates everyone in the family, because my granny has taught me a lot and made me the smart, beautiful young lady that I am today. I know deep down inside she wants all her grandchildren to be successful in life. Even though she doesn’t tell us, she wants to proud of all of us since her children are all grown up.From the love and the care of my granny, to the helping hand that will remain grateful, and the motivation she gives me, I truly love Canzinetta Webb and believe she is one of the best things that ever happen to me. My family and my granny are equally important to me but my granny is like the back bone of our family. Although I’m her grandchild she took me into her home as if I was her own. For this reason, I love her so much, because she didn’t want to see me go into foster care. She works hard to provide for me and my family. There’s always food on the table and clothes on our backs.Obviously, my granny is the back bone of our family because every Sunday my granny cooks a big dinner and all my family comes to our house to eat. I love Sundays because that’s when I get to see my other family I haven’t seen in a while. So when everyone leaves they will be leaving with a smile and a full stomach, maybe even a plate to-go. Yet, she supports her family however, whenever help is needed she is always been there for whoever family or not. For example, my aunt was a short a couple hundred dollars on her light bill, my granny was willing to help her pay the rest so her lights wouldn’t be off.Clearly my granny plays a big role in our family, she is a wonderful person and anyone would begin to love her once they got to know her. There are a lot of things that people fail to realize that are most appreciative. Appreciating your life is about being grateful for the people that are in your life that make it better, and the things that you have, even if they may not be everything in which you may desire. We must be able to prefer to appreciate the things we cannot have instead of trying to appreciate things that we would not be able to appreciate.

Biometrics Term Paper

Biometrics Meredith Thomas Strayer University 1 Biometrics, according to Foster, â€Å"is the science of using technology to automatically identify an individual based on physical, biological, and behavioral characteristics. † There are two classification systems in biometrics and they are: physiological and behavioral. Physiological characteristics pertain to fingerprints, facial recognition, DNA, hand geometry, the shape of your body, iris recognition, etc. Behavioral characteristics pertain to voice recognition, handwriting, the way that you walk, etc.There are also two categories for the use of this biometric information and they are: access control, and remote identification. Access control pertains to the prevention of others from gaining access to information. Remote identification helps to identify a person through fingerprints or hand geometry. According to globalsecurity. org (2000-2010) they have given biometric technologies the following characteristics: Universali ty: Every person should have the characteristic. People who are mute or without fingerprints will need to be accommodated in some way.Uniqueness: Generally, no two people have identical characteristics. However, identical twins are hard to distinguish. Permanence: The characteristics should not vary with time. A person’s face, for example, may change with age. Collectability: The characteristics must be easily collectible and measurable. Performance: The method must deliver accurate results under varied environmental circumstances. Acceptability: The general public must accept the sample collection routines. Nonintrusive methods are more acceptable. Circumvention: The technology should be difficult to deceive. Now let’s get more into biometrics! Fingerprinting is one of the most popular physiological characteristics in biometrics. No two people on this earth have the exact same fingerprint, which helps in distinguishing where a person has been, and what they have touch ed. Once a criminals fingerprints have been recorded in IAFIS (the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System), then they are permanently recorded and easily traced. Another physiological characteristic is facial recognition, which is newer to the scene than fingerprints.While it may be one of the easiest to use, the environment in which it is used definitely controls it. A mug-shot is the ideal way to capture facial recognition, because it is a controlled environment. One of my favorite physiological characteristics is the use of the iris for identification. According to globalsecurity. org (2000-2010), â€Å"The technology is based upon the fact that no two iris patterns are alike (the probability is higher than that of fingerprints). The iris is a protected organ which makes the identification possibilities lifelong. Criminals may be able to duplicate fingerprints, but not irises. Some behavioral characteristics associated with biometrics are, handwriting and voice r ecognition. Every person has their own unique handwriting, it is measured by the rhythm, pressure, and flow that one applies to the paper while writing. Voice verification is tough to analyze, because a person’s voice changes if they have a cold, or if they are over-excited, anxious, nervous, afraid. Background noise is also a factor. All of the above mentioned characteristics can be used in access control and remote identification.Iris identification is used more and more often for security purposes in passports, hospitals, high profile building access, etc. 3 There are new and emerging technologies in the biometrics field such as: vein scan, facial thermography, DNA matching, blood pulse, skin elements, nailbed identification, gait recognition, and ear shape. Vein scan is a non intrusive scan of the veins on the back of one’s hands hand, they are very unique patterns that are formed before birth, and only change in size throughout one’s lifetime.Facial thermog raphy is very similar to facial recognition, except an infrared camera is used. Skin elements are an interesting biometric technology because just like fingerprints or irises everyone’s skin makeup is different. Gait recognition is one technology that I would have never thought of, but it makes a lot of sense. According to globalsecurity. org, â€Å"A person’s musculature essentially limits the variation of motion, and measuring requires no contact with the person. One disadvantage to gait recognition could be loose fitting clothing, the body is hidden and you don’t have much to compare. Everyday new and different technologies are emerging in the biometrics field. I can’t wait to see what happens in the next ten years, and what I will have to look forward to working with in the future. 4 Foster, Raymond E. (2005). Police Technology. Pearson Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. http://www. globalsecurity. org/security/systems/biometrics. htm Sit e monitored by John Pike.

Essay on Aulus MetellusEssay Writing Service

Essay on Aulus MetellusEssay Writing Service Essay on Aulus Metellus Essay on Aulus MetellusAncient Roman art mirrored the reality of the ancient Roman civilization and reveal key values, cultural norms and beliefs of ancient Romans. At the same time, ancient Roman works of art depict many famous people, leading politicians, gods, heroes and other renowned humans as well as non-humans. In such a way, ancient Roman art attempted to capture and preserve in the artistic form outstanding figures, although often artists created their works of art depicting rich people because, in such a way, they just earned for living. At this point, it is possible to refer to the statue of Aulus Metellus, the Roman orator, who personifies the rhetorical skillfulness and importance rhetoric played in the life of Roman society.The pose of the statue manifests the process of speech. At any rate, the artists depicted Aulus Metellus in the course of the delivery of his speech, as if he is referring to the audience and attempts to persuade them and accept his ideas and message . The pitch and angle of the head of the orator imply that the orator is standing above the crowd of listeners, who stand around him. In such a way, the orator stands above the crowd and delivers his speech. However, judging by the angle of his head, he stands slightly above the crowd.The direction of the gaze of the orator is directed faraway, as if he is looking slightly above heads of his listeners. In such a way, the orator attempts to persuade the audience that he is looking at every listener in the crowd (Depasse, 2001, p.135). The artist attempted to show that the orator is skilful and uses his rhetorical skills and experience. The orator proves to be skillful and efficient in terms of the development of rhetorical skills and art. The gaze of the orator is distant. He looks as if looking somewhere far away. In such a way, the artist reached the effect, when the audience feels as if the orator is speaking about some really important issues, which affect the audience deeply. Th e gaze focused on distant objects implies that the orator is full of thoughts, which are important and mirror his focus on really of important issues.  The facial expression of the orator his mouth closed and his hand raised imply that the orator has provoked some disputes in the crowd and the audience probably started to oppose or dispute with the orator, whereas the closed mouth and raised hand of the orator means that he tries to stop protests and claims that contradict to the orator. The arm and hand gestures imply that the orator attempts to keep his audience under control and calm people down (Bonesteel, 2000, p.140). At the same time, his left hand remains steady next to his side that implies the calmness of the orator and his self-control. He is not nervous at all and he attempts to convey his calmness to the audience. He raised his right hand and stretched it right to the audience with his open palm directed to listeners trying to show them that he has no evil intentions and he looks for the better for them.The hairline and hairstyle of the orator is neat that implies that he is a public person, who pays attention to his look and takes care for it. He seems to belong to the upper class and wants to show that he is a nobleman as he wears a classical hairstyle and clothing, toga, that may be viewed as attributes of his aristocratic origin.   The suggested aging of the facial features are light and the orator has just started to age since he is still a relatively young man in his late 30s or 40s. The state of health is apparently good judging by slightly puffy areas of the face, especially on his cheeks. In such a way, he looks to be healthy and wealthy. At any rate, the orator definitely belongs to the upper-class.The arrangement and style of the attire, including his toga, also prove his belongingness to the upper-class. At the same time, his toga shows that the orator is a civilian. He is not the military by any means. His only weapon is his word and his eloquence. He is calm that means that he apparently is accustomed to talk in face of a large crowd (Collins, 2004, p. 212). The details of gesture body language show clearly that he knows how to keep the attention of his audience and how to control his listeners in the course of the speech. He stays calm, when necessary. He raises his hand to suppress any protests or words, different from his own. His facial expression is calm and steady.At the same time, betoken both the man’s demeanor or hexis (public image) are obvious. He stays straight. He is capable to manipulate with the audience and control it with the power of his words and speech. Inner attitudes and the engagement of the statue’s subject in the political process of his times are obvious. The orator delivers a speech to the audience, which probably is political or socially important in any way. He is always aware that the audience may disagree with him and soothes the audience by his calmness and stea diness. He delivers an important speech judging by his eye expression (MacGregor, 2002, p.138). These behavioral aspects are caught in the artist’s narrative ‘snapshot’ of an everyday occurrence. He seems to be absolutely accustomed to delivering speeches in public spaces. He is not nervous at all. He manifests his ability to keep his audience under control and deliver his messages clearly. He seems to be quite persuading judging from his body language. He uses his body language to the full extent. He shows that he knows what he wants to say and what body language to use to make his speech persuading.Since Roman men of consequence lived very much in a face-to-face public arena, it is also possible to assume that the original event represented included spectators. In fact, Aulus Metellus apparently delivered his speech and he used the face-to-face public communication. His speech was delivered to the audience and the orator uses his speech to convey his ideas and messages to the audience. In such a way, he attempts to develop a persuading speech.Thus, Aulus Metellus was depicted by the artist skillfully and shows how Roman orators looked like and what techniques they used in the course of their speech. The artist showed the power of his body language. The audience of the orator are implicit but it is possible to suggest the audience around and slightly lower than the orator was located.

7 YouTube Channels to Replenish the Stock of Your Essay Writing Music

7 YouTube Channels to Replenish the Stock of Your Essay Writing Music 7 YouTube Channels to Replenish the Stock of Your Essay Writing Music Music is a great thing to have when you are working. Music in the background can truly be beneficial for you when writing. The reason for this is that the brain does not actually tell time on a regular basis; it tells time based on the surroundings and environment. It is for this reason that listening to a boring lecture can literally feel as though it made time slow down, or when you are having fun with a loved one, time seems to speed up. Music plays a big part in this. Music can dictate to the brain whether time is going by quickly or slowly. Below is a list of great YouTube channels for music you can enjoy while writing your essay: Study Music Club Relax Channel EnjoyStudying Study Music StudyMusicProject Classical Music Compilation Relaxing Study Music Upbeat music with a fast tempo tells the brain that time is moving quickly. This is a great choice for those evenings where you have been working for hours and you are trying to combat sleepiness. Having happier, uplifting and fast music will make you think the work is going by slowly. This is best reserved for those times when you are handling administrative tasks like printing papers, stapling them together, emailing copies to yourself and your teacher, etc†¦ Slow, classical music will convince your mind that time is slowing down. This is ideal for when you need to relax and focus solely on your reading or writing. With calming and relaxing music in the background, your mind and subsequently your body will naturally relax. This is a great thing to have in the background as you are reading over multiple texts for research or trying to calmly put together a well-organized paper. It is very important to remember though that music with lyrics will prove distracting. So if you are trying to write a creative paper, you will likely find it harder to do if the music you have playing (slow or fast) has lyrics. The reason for this is that the brain is listening to the lyrics and going back and forth between focusing on the writing and focusing on the lyrics. This causes many distractions and delays. This is exacerbated by songs to which you have memorized lyrics. If you have memorized a song, or have heard it enough to subconsciously memorize it, then your mind will focus on that instead. When you are writing an essay, it is good to have essay writing music to help you stay motivated, but remember that music plays an interesting role in our level of production. So if you want to slow your mind down, pick something that is relaxing. If you want to speed things up and make a list of mundane actions seem interesting, then pick something fast paced. Just remember to avoid the music with lyrics you know quite well or you will end up distracted more often than not.

Risk Management in a Satellite Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Management in a Satellite Project - Essay Example In fact, risk management techniques help in improving the strategies of doing business because the parties venturing are more cautious in all undertaking they involve themselves in. It is always important for a company to lay down procedures of dealing with these risks. A well designed project must have additional different programs stating how the possible risks are to be handled. These programs are very useful s thy gives us guidelines with different options on how to handle different kinds of risks. Templates can be fixed in these programs as a guidance to project manager as they state how the available risks are handled in reference to the project policy. One of the key significances of risk management in a project is the proper identification of all possible risks. It is always difficult to deal with a risk if it is yet to be identified. The risks evaluators are always encouraged to be thorough and accurate as well, this is met through overall analysis of the project and all undertakings in and around to facilitate their address in time. When the identification process is completed fully, it creates appreciation and lessens doubt (Committee on science, 2007). Purpose This article has detailed information which can help project managers or project teams in their efforts to manage the risks associated in their scope. These guidelines entail the following: Providing tools and techniques in risk management Providing consistency in the methodology used risk management The guidelines provides the relevant information in the risk management process Avails the data required in for both output and input analysis methods in risk management In a satellite project the management should fully understand the project by analyzing the procedures used by other successful projects undertaken by other organization. The cost should be evaluated, satellite projects are quite expensive and they require adequate fund either by big organizations or governments in the aim of laying down a foundation in their research methodologies (Kloppenburg, 2012). Cost base estimations Base cost refers to the reasonable cost if all material costs of a project are well calculated. Time should be apriority in as far as this subject is concerned. Regardless of the project being processed, the project management team should make correct timing to ensure that the project is not harried up by time limits. All projects are carried out to improve the performance of a certain field or sector; in other words they are carried out to facilitate growth (Roper, 1999). Resources Resources used in the setting up of the satellite project should be significant to the benefits associate with the products benefit. This means that the project should bring more it consumes in terms of resources. The project management team should use minimum resources in terms of cost of buying the technology used, total materials used, human resources should be considered too (Roper, 1999). Risk based estimation in a project This involves both simple and complex models which are related to schedule, cost, and all undertakings within a project. It makes use of both analytical and historical data techniques to lay down technical judgment in the process of project development. The cost and the cost associated in the process of implementing the project proceeds. Analysis of risk elements (threats or opportunities) is later applied and defined in relation to base cost to make ranges for the project schedule and base cost (Kloppenburg, 2012) The following are the values provided by project management Promote project success It helps in the determination of future uncertainties and provides

Sponsoring Arsenal Football Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sponsoring Arsenal Football Club - Essay Example The season for the premier league starts from the month of august till may. It is one of the most lucrative leagues as it is attracting all the top players all over the world to its teams. In the year 1992, the premiere league was sponsored by Carlings. This was followed by the sponsorship of the premiere league by the Barclays card. "A history of the premier league". In the year 2001, the Barclays started complete sponsorship to the premiere league and from there on it came to be known as Barclays Premiere League. Today, people recognise the English premiere league by the name of Barclays. The sponsorship to the league started in the year 1992, it was first sponsored by Carlings and later on by Barclaycard from 2001-2004, Barclays 2004-2007, Barclays premier league finally 2007-2010. The total number of teams competing in the Barclay's premier league is 40 clubs. Out of the 40, 4 have already won the title of Manchester united, Blackburn rovers, arsenal, Chelsea. I have also discuss ed the competition format for the 20 clubs in the premiere league. About Barclay Bank, the bank has its headquarters in London alongwith Barclays Group Chairman is Marcus Aguis, and the Group Chief Executive is John Varley. They also function in all over the world, offering their customers with the suitable products and services. The company is listed on the London stock exchange. The bank also complies with the UK combined code on corporate governance. Barclays bank has a history of 300 years old. In all these years the bank has grown to offer its customers the required and the right product and the serices, suiting their requirement. The bank has its services in the field of financial services; they are also into retail and commercial banking, credit cards, investment banking, wealth management services al over the globe. The bank has its extensive international presence in Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia. The Barclays bank operates in more than 50 countries and has its tota l employees of approximately 155,000 people. Now, the question arises as why did Barclays bank tie up with the premiere league The premier league laid down the following objectives and they were the ones that compelled Barclays to sponsor the premiere league. They were to be regarded world's best football league off and on the field, to promote the accessibilty to live games and enough media exposure and generate traffic to the media channel where the league is forecasted. To generate sufficient revenue so as to strengthen the future events of the premier league and its clubs as also been the main aim of the premier league. Football is the main domestic sport of the people there. They thought that this is the best way to advertise and promote their products and services. As the traffic is already generated by the fans, so they thought of doing innovative marketing and promotion of their products and services. They contributed to the premier league right from the year 2001 till 2010. Obviously, if Barclays is sponsoring such a big event then it would definitely change the preception of the people regarding Barclays banking. They are

How Fuel Costs Have Affected the Airline Industry Essay

How Fuel Costs Have Affected the Airline Industry - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to discuss all of this, as well as all characteristics and factors involved in the matter of how fuel costs have affected the airline industry. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The six most primary airlines in the United States have been ailing since 2001; four out of these six were in fact forced to file for bankruptcy in 2005. According to some analysts, the entire airline industry is on the brink of collapse altogether; the primary cause being that of ever-increasing fuel prices. "It's very bad right now, it's unsustainable," said Kevin Mitchell, Chairman of the Business Travel Coalition based in Pennsylvania. "It's as bad as it gets. If (oil) goes up another couple of dollars it's going to be more of a pain but it's going to be hardly distinguishable from the pain that the airlines are feeling right now." (Delaney, 2006). In fact, according to Mitchell, the American airline industry basically refused entirely even to recognize the shift in the marketplace five years ago. "They failed to understand that consumers were demanding everyday, low, affordable airfares. The carriers in Europe recognized that and began to take action in 2001 and 2002 to become competitive with low-cost carriers. The US carriers were stubborn throughout the whole time, thinking that as soon as the economy would rebound, so would business travelers willing to pay $2500 for coast to coast fares, and of course that never happened." (Delaney, 2006). In fact Northwest Airlines, the nation's fourth-largest airline which is based in Eagan, Minnesota, has made many headlines since the year unfolded. "It reported $450 million in losses the first quarter of 2005, it's stock prices are declining, it's fuel costs are rising, it asked its labor unions to freeze their current pension programs in lieu of new contribution plans, it is attempting to cut annual labor costs by $1.1 billion, and on July 1 the union representing its mechanics authorized a strike vote." (Oo, 2005). The current spike in oil prices is especially taking its toll; taking the airline industry into uncharted territory and raising many questions about the economic viability of many players in the industry. Increasing fuel prices have also had effects on global trade, which is one of the United States' most profitable resources. "No doubt increasing oil prices are likely to dampen global trade. Air cargo traffic is a leading indicator of any economic slowdown. The air cargo industry itself, in which fuel accounts for 20-30% of the operational cost, is poised to be the prime casualty of the new era of expensive oil," says a report entitled 'The Oil Crisis and its Impact on the Air Cargo Industry.' "Jet fuel prices have almost tripled in the past four years. As a result, the world's airlines spent over $100 billion on fuel in 2005, a 50% increase over 2004. At reasonable oil prices of $30-$40 a barrel, world air cargo traffic was projected triple over current traffic levels." (IAGS, 2006 ). Fuel expenses rank in as the number-one or number-two cost category in regards to the airline industry, and because of this, airlines have an enormous built-in financial incentive to reduce consumption;